The Meaning And Definition Of Brand

The Meaning And Definition Of Brand Due to the intensive competitiveness between the different producers and sellers in todays contemporary world, the phenomenon of joint branding is increasing at a rapid rate. With the traditional brand extension and the various brand alliance strategies like dual branding and advertising alliance, joint branding is a way of distinguishing the products from their competitive alternatives. By utilizing, the concept of product integration whereby a single entity is branded with that of one or more entities, companies can derive the favorable outcomes for both the entities. 2.1 Meaning and Definition of Brand The concept of branding is existing for past many centuries now. It is the primary means of distinguishing the product of a single manufacturer from that of another. The term brand is a derivative of the Old Norse word brandr, which implies to burn, (Kotler, 1982). As defined by (Keller, 2009, p 17), a brand is a name, term, sign, symbol, or design, or a combination of them, intended to identify the goods and services of seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competition. Technically, whenever a marketer creates a new name, logo, or symbol for a new product, he or she has created a brand. Brand resembles the total experience that consumers relate to the products (Keller Lehman, 2004, p.1) in order to create and retain the monetary performance (Haigh Knowles, 2004) which results in the visibility of the brands at three different levels customer, product and financial areas (Keller Lehman, 2004). Haigh and Knowled (2004) have suggested in their theories that brands are the primary source through which the competitive products could differ. The construction of competitive superiority (Keller Lehman, 2004, p.2) could be obtained by handling the various brand channels. The significance of brands have changed in the modern world due to the global trends, for instance, the deregulation of industrial sector, the privatisation of public organisations, the establishment of independent firms, extensive utilisation of franchises and the eradication of trade barriers ( McDonald, de Chartony and Harris, 2001). Brand Equity Brand Equity is a combination of the brand assets and liabilities associated to a specific brand, its name, image, logo or symbol that appreciates or depreciates the value provided by the product to its consumers (Aaker, 1991, p.15). In simple terms, it is the added value provided to products which reflects the consumer attitude towards the brand (Kotler Keller, 2006). Appendix A lists the world top 10 brands in the year 2010. It has been observed that for products in order to gain brand equity must be associated with the name or symbol of the brand (Aaker, 1991, p.15) however, on either amending or altering the name following a joint branding activity the product value might get effected. Furthermore, Aaker (1991) suggested the assets and liabilities which effects the brand equity as brand loyalty, brand awareness, quality perception, the brand association with quality and other factors like patents, trademarks etc. 2.1.1 Brand Vs Product A product is anything that is offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption that might satisfy a need or want (Kotler, 1984, p.137). Therefore, a product could be a tangible good like bread, cricket bat, or vehicle; however, a Brand is wider in scope than a product, because it can have dimensions that differentiate in some way from other products designed to satisfy the same need (Gregory, 1999, p.54). These variations may be rational and tangible- released to product performance of brand- or more symbolic, emotional, and intangible-related to what the brand represents (Rosson Brooks, 2004, p.57). Developing apparent branding differences among products through branding and by developing a loyal customer franchise, marketers create value that can translate to financial profits for the firm (Bruner, 2005, p17). However the fact is the significantly low numbers of tangible assets are considered to be valuable and so is the case with the intangible assets. 2.1.2 Creating New Brand Associations By associating a brand with another entity, consumers make a pre-conceived image linking the attributes of these brands to the other entity and to every other entity and association which is in liaison with this brand (Homburg Bucerius, 2005). In a wider sense, this secondary brand knowledge is most likely to affect evaluations of a new product when consumers lack either the motivation or the ability to judge product-related concerns (Morall, 1996, p.131). In other words, when consumers either dont care much about or dont feel that they possess the knowledge to choose the appropriate brand, they may be more likely to make brand decisions on the basis of secondary considerations like what they think, feel, or know about the country from which the product came, the store in which it is sold, or some other characteristics (Shelton, 2002, p.147). Therefore, the association of brands with other brands improves customer retention, enhances service quality, influences customers perception of the brand and proves to gain an edge over the competitors (Perry Herd, 2004). According to Kumar (2004), when a specific brand is linked to any entity, it not only creates a new relationship but also it affects all the existing relationships of the brand. The basic mechanism states that the consumer is aware of the attributes of entity. When a brand is identified or linked to that entity, consumer may infer that some of the particular associations, judgments, or feelings that characterise the entity may also characterise the brand (Kumar Blomqvist, 2004, p.26). A number of different theoretical mechanisms from psychology predict this type of inference. One is cognitive consistence  [1]  , in other words, the consumers perception is, what is true for the entity, must be true for the brand. 2.2 Joint Branding According to signaling product, the combination or collaboration of two brands provides greater assurance of quality than what a single branded product provides, which should lead to higher evaluations of products and premium prices (Rao, 1999, p37). Through a brand extension strategy, a new product can become linked to an existing corporate or family brand that has its own set of associations (Swystum, 2001, p117). Further, Sinclair (2007) is of the opinion that a presentg brand could influence its relationship with other entities by getting into an association with a brand from the same industry (Sinclair, 2007). Joint branding also called Joint branding, brand bundling (Keller, 2004, p 19) or brand alliances is formed with the association of two or more brands who decides to produce a new brand and as well sells it together. Joint branding is in existence for past many decades; for instance, Betty Crocker partenered with Sunkist Growers in 1961 to profitably sell a lemon chiffon cake mix. Interest in Joint branding as a means of building brand equity has increased in recent years (Grobel Forbes, 2006, p203). For instance, the toffee candy bar produced by Hersheys Health has not only been extended into several new products-Health Sensations (bite sized candies) and Health Bits and Bits of Brickle (chocolate-covered and plain toffee baking products)-but also has been licensed to a variety of vendors, such as Dairy Queen (with its Blizzard drink), Ben and Herrys, and Blue Bunny (with its ice cream bar). Some other notable supermarket examples of Joint branding are Kellogs Pop- Tarts with Smuckers fruit filling. Yoplait Trix yogurt, and Smuckers Dove ice cream sauce. In the credit card market, Joint branding often links three brands, as in the Shell MasterCard from Citi Cards. With airlines, brand alliances can unite a host of brands, such as Star Alliance, which comprises of 16 different airlines such as United Airlines, Lufthansa, and Singapore Airlines. Although the joint branded products are into use for quite some time but surprisingly, it has a very minute quantitative observational research on the subject. Norris (1992) was the person to describe the potential benefits of the Joint Branded products. This study was then preceded by the various theoretical articles by Rao Rueckert (1994) on Joint Branded Products on signaling Perspective and the other one by Hillyer Tikoo (1995) to understand the influence of Joint branded products on brand evaluation. 2.2.1 Merits De-merits of Joint Branding The primary benefit provided by joint branding is the ability to position a product distinctively and credibly amidst the large number of multiple brands in the market industry (Norris, 1992). Joint branding can create more compelling points of difference or points of parity for the brand -or both-than otherwise might have been feasible (Hillyer Tikoo, 1995, p57). The outcome would see it producing higher number of sales in the current market and additionally opening good opportunities with new customer groups. Joint branding can reduce the cost of product introduction because it combines two well-known images, accelerating potential adoption (Levin, 1996, p87). Joint branding also may be a valuable means to learn about consumers and how other companies approach them. In poorly differentiated categories especially, joint branding may be an important means of creating a distinctive product (Desai Keller, 2002, p 136). The possible limitations of joint branding could be the risks and lack of control that arise from becoming aligned with another brand in the minds of consumers. Consumers expectations about the level of involvement and commitment with joint brands are likely to be high (Levin, 1996, p 147). Unsatisfactory performance thus could have negative repercussions for both (or all) brands (Rao, 1997). Levin, in his study further emphasizes on the fact that If the other brand has entered into a number of joint branding arrangements, there also may be a risk of overexposure that would dilute the transfer of any association. It may also result in distraction and a lack of focus on existing brands. A summarized tabulate version of the merits and de-merits of joint branding is listed in Appendix B. 2.3 Comparison of joint branding against the different branding strategies Joint branding is a long term brand alliance in which a product is identified and branded with the other brand (Levin, 1996, p7). A joint branding strategy should constitute following characteristics; the participant of the joint branding should be independent before, during and after the alliance of the joint branded product (Ohlwein Schiele, 1994). Secondly, the joint branding strategy should be implemented on a purpose by the owners of the brand (Blackett Russell, 1999). Third, the potential buyer should notice the cooperation between the two brands (Rao, 1997). Fourth, there should be incorporation of more than one brand at a single instance (Hiller Tikoo, 1995; Levin, 1996) The joint branding practically shows that there are two variations in it. The first one can be said as Vertical joint Branding often called as ingredient branding (Desai Keller, 2002, p 113), it refers to a vertical combination of products where manufacturers of different value chain steps in one product (E.g. Pepsi and Nutra Sweet; Dell and Intel). On the contrary the horizontal joint branding is characterised by producers stepping in the same value chain for the manufacturing and selling of a multi-branded product. In addition, a joint branded product may also appear in a category where both the producers are already established (Sony Ericsson Mobile phones). Joint branding strategy can become the brand extension strategy by introducing new product with the same brand name on the existing or new product category or the new product in the new product category (Desai Hoyer, 1993, p 176). The figure below represents the overlaps and differences among the joint branding and brand extension strategies. Figure 1: Joint Branding and Brand Extension (Source: Helming, Huber Leeflang, 2008) Only one single brand is involved in classical brand extensions where as joint branding includes multiple brands. Because of this difference there is no information on how customers utilise the brand attitude and association to deliver their response to the combination of two brands can be derived from the study and practice of classic brand extension (Simonin Ruth, 1998). On the other side brand extension appears much frequent in practice and corresponding literature is much sophisticated and comprehensive (Aker, 1990; John, 1998; Balachander Ghose, 2003; Volckner Sattler, 2006). Both brand extension and Joint branding strategies work on the same subject line, to strengthen the parent brand and extend the customer value perception to a new product (Aaker, 1990. P76). However, joint branding strategy can be seen as more advantageous because a second brand can contribute an additional value perception to the parent brand and itself that a parent brand cannot gather itself. In addit ion their might be some negative effects to the potential advantages caused by the combination of two brands reasoning either they dont fit or unfavorable perception among the partnering brands. Further to this the joint branding involves great complications in the operational activities because this strategy needs the alignment of interest of a minimum two associated partners. The choice on aligning requires a careful and comprehensive study of related cost and advantages levied on certain operational objective and the situational surroundings. Additional to joint branding strategy there lays few more brand aligning strategies, they are; Joint sales promotion Advertising alliance Dual branding Bundling The Joint Branding strategy can be closely related to advertising alliance approach. The primary reason to utilise the different branding strategies similar to that of joint branding strategy is the improvement of interdependent image accompanying the collaboration with complementary partner (Wernerfelt, 1988, Erdem Swait, 1999). The signaling theory explains that, the collaboration of two brands assures the customer with greater product quality that in turn provides higher evaluations and premium prices (Rao, 1999). However, joint branding strategy is the only approach where a single product collaborates with two or more brands (Wernerfelt, 1988, p 36). Even though the new brand alliance strategy may not contain the severe unfavorable spillover effects and less difficulty but they may not involve such strong benefits as the joint branding strategy. The table below shows the differences between the joint branding strategy and other strategies. This table demonstrates that the joint branding and brand extension strategies are very similar where as the other strategies are completely different. Table 1: Branding Strategy and their distinction from Joint Branding Strategy Example Characteristic Difference from Joint branding Relevant Literature Product Bundling Vobis Hardware, software and services for PCs Combined offer from two or more goods in a package with one total price No simultaneous branding of a single physical product by two brands Gaeth, 1990; Yadav, 1994; Stremersch Tellis, 2002. Advertising alliance Wasa (bread) Due Darfst (diet butter) Simultaneous mention of different supplier of different products in one advertisement Berndt, 1985; Schroter Waschek, 1996; Bergen John, 1997; Samu, 1999 Joint sales promotion Reebok (sports outfit) and Pepsi (soft drink) Timely, limited appearance of two independent brands in promotional activities Varadarajan, 1985; Varadarajan, 1986; Palupski Bohmann, 1994. Dual Branding Burger king (fast food) Shell (Gas station) Common usage of store location (shop in shop concept) Levin, 1996; Levin Levin, 2000. Brand Extension Boss Brand transfer from cloths to perfume Extension of brand to a new product in either a new or an existing product category Equals joint branding , if new product is branded by two brands simultaneously Aaker Keller, 1990; Balachander Ghose, 2003; Volckner Sattler, 2006. 2.3.1 Joint Branding and its Effectiveness Different theories were propagated to gain an understanding on the efficiency of joint-branding when compared with various other brand extension strategies. Below listed is a brief description on these theories: Concept Combination Theory: This was propounded by Park, Jun and Shocker in the year 1996. In this theory, the researchers have observed the evolution and usefulness of combined brand partnerships. A combined brand is described to be the outcome of aligning two significant brands. The findings were based on the influence on perception of the consumer towards the new composite brand resulting from the earlier perceptions of the combining brands. The concept combination procedure enlisted evaluating two self sufficient concepts which are to form a new concept (Wisniewski, 1996). According to Park, Jun and Schocker (1996) a composite joint brand comprises of at least one parent brand and one modifier brand, each of which are determined according to their position in the composite brand. As per the concept combination theory, a set of core attributes in a concept is the most essential and salient set of attributes for understanding a concept (Eysenck and Keanne 1990), and it is difficult to change when the concept is combined with others. b) Signaling Theory: This theory was utilized by various realists (Rao, Qu Ruekert, 1999; Rao and Rueker1994; Washburn, Till, and Priluck 2000) in order to evaluate and assess the creation of joint branding and its usefulness. As stated by Spence (1974), signaling could be observed when the observer takes actions to communicate data and information to the ones who are ignorant of it, in order to facilitate their decision making. By utilizing this theory, Washburn, Trill Priluck (2000) had studied the effects of joint branding on the brand equity of the partnering brands. The four components  [2]  of the brand equity were evaluated based on the changing perception of the consumers. c) Assimilation and Contrast Theory: Levin (2002) has engaged social judgment theory in investigating the impact of joint branding. According to the social judgment theory (Shrif Hovland, 1961), judgments towards a stimulus are affected by the context within which it is evaluated. Furthermore, Sherman (1978, p107) states a stimulus is judged not only by its own features but also by the other stimulus that are present concurrently. Based on the occurrence of a stimuli the contexts are classified into contrast and assimilation effects (Meyers-Levy and Sternthal 1993). 2.3.2 Direct Effects Considering the empirical theories of Rao Rueckert (1994) and Rao (1997), Rao (1999), an in depth study of Joint Branded products from signaling perspective, whereby they show that the customers evaluates the brand qualitativeness better in relation to unidentifiable characteristics where a particular brand is collaborated with another brand which is presumed to be at risk of consumers acceptance. The combined outcome of the dual branding nature, joint branded products offers a better quality signal when compared with mono branded products. Levin (1996) findings displayed that matching a reputed brand name with an non reputable or slightly known host brands improves consumers product evaluations than adding a non reputable brand. Thus, it could be concluded that consumers brand awareness on the partner brands has a positive direct effect (Rao, 1997, p 118). Fang and Mishra (2002) also supported this claim, stating that consumer perception of a non reputed brand enhances when combined with a reputed, good quality associate; and Voss Tansuhaj (1999), proves that consumer evaluation of a joint branded products improves if a well known domestic brand is incorporated with unknown foreign brand partner. Vaidyanathan Aggarwal (2000) has also analyzed joint branded products formed by a well known national brand and an unknown private brand, and found that a joint branded products received positive valuation if it is incorporated with a well known ingredient brand. By differentiating a joint brand product as having either an unknown branded element or a reputed brand, Desai Keller (2002) clarifies the extended effect of the host brand. With the extension which transforms the intensity of a prevailing product feature, a stabilized component facilitates early growth recognition, however a self brand ingredients results in favourable successive group expansion assessment. The brand extension which adds a whole new feature to the product would inculcate an existing component, as doing this will lead to high assessment of the original product and its preceding expansion. Park (1996) states that the positive attitude of consumer towards a brand leads to positive direct effects, and the joint branded products involving two complementary brand gains a better attribute profile in the mind of consumers than that of a direct brand extension of dominant brand or a joint branded product involving two highly favourable but uncomplimentary brand. Walchli (1996), When measuring the evaluation of joint-branded products according to the agreement of the partner brands, displays that in high associated situations, the high dissimilar or similar partner brand possess less positive evaluation that it may have in rather disimilar partner brand. This astounding result is a task of the amplification that consumers undertake to seek resolutions that are partial towards positive clarification for the inaptness (Mandler (1982)) The prior positive attitude generates the positive direct effect towards each partner brand, and also from the positive perception toward the brand and the offered product fit of the partner brand. The term fit refers for the consumer perception on congruity of both the partner brand and their offered product categories and the branding concepts (Simonin Ruth, 1998). The model of Simonin Ruth had been modified by Hadjicharalambus (2001) to gain an evidence that overall fit (i.e., the joint venture of two brands A B as a new joint brand product) effects the evaluation positively of the joint branded products, but overall the fit is influenced by the transfer fit positively, or partner brand fit with product category of the joint branded product and fit of the brand. There is a possession of synergitic effect on the high transfer fit, which generates positive direct effects. The direct link with the brand equity and the joint branded products has been stated by Washburn (1999) and W ashburn et al. (2000, 2004) , this displays that the higher brand equity of partner brand enhance the perceived brand equity of the joint branded product and thus radiates positive direct effect. The study conducted by Janiszewski Van Osselaer (2000) and Van Osselaer Janiszewski (2001) shows how the consumer predicts the products performance through brand names and product features by different training methods. As explained by Simonin Ruth (1998) and Park et al.,(1996) that joining two or more established brands improves the face value of a joint branded products because the well known ingredient of a brand gives positive direct effects. The two most recent study conducted on the direct effect of joint branding is done by Baumgrath (2003) and Huber (2005). These studies agree and support to the previous studies of Simonin Ruth (1998) and Hadjicharambouss (2001) findings. The most comprehensive study on direct effects is given by Baumgarth (2003). He had analyzed a biggest simple, the great variety of joint branded products, and the most path relationship. He also states that advertising has a relevantly great importance in terms of evaluating the joint branded products. Huber (2005) proved evidently that involvement of product and orientation of consumers brand influences the success of joint branded product. The comparison of brand extension and joint branding studys displays some interesting similarities and differences. The requirement of fit in a high degree in a brand and the product extension is the main factor of success for brand extension, high involvement of parent brand, acceptance from the market and retailer (Volckner Sattler, 2006). The success of joint branded product is influenced by the transfer fit and support from market, but it carries much significance obtained from the product fit and the partner brand. This is because the joint branding introduces the new evaluation dimensions, unlike the brand extension. The collaborating concept of joining two or more brand from a single product to a joint branded product can achieve much benefits of that it may not achieve from its own. This finding is supported by Park et al (1996). The experimental test conducted shows that a joint branded product is assumed much favorable than that of the direct brand extension in the parent brands product category The literature of joint branding still need to analyze the addition factor of success of brand extension, like retailer acceptance and parent brand involvement. The table 2 below shows the relevance of relationship from the brand extension that may serve as a potential factor of success for joint branded product. Such combination can be considered for further research. TABLE 2; Succes Factors for Direct effects Success factors for direct effects A Joint branded product is more successful if.. source Relative Importance Characteristics of constituent brands/products Awareness brand awareness of the constituent brand is high Levin et al. (1996) Fang and Mishra(2002) Voss and Tansuhaj(1999) Vaidyanathan and Aggarwal(2000) Desai and Keller(2002) Medium Quality the perceived quality of the constituent brands is high Rao et al. (1999) McCarthy and Norris (1999) Park et al. (1996) Simonin and Ruth (1998) Janiszewski and van Osselaer (2000) van Osselaer and Janiszewski (2001) Baumgarth (2003) Lafferty et al. (2004) Huber (2005) High Brand equity the brand equity of the Constituent brands is high Washburn (1999) Washburn et al. (2000; 2004) High Characteristics of Joint Branded product Advertising the evaluation of advertising campaigns with regard to the joint branded product is positive. Baumgarth (2003) HIgh Retail Acceptance retailer acceptance is high Volckner and Sattler (2006) NA Fit constituent brands/products Degree of Complimentariness the constituent brands are highly complimentary regarding an attitudeof the joint branded product Park et al. (1996) Medium Brand fit Brand fit of the constituents brand is high Simonin and Ruth (1998) Baumgarth (2003) High Product fit Product fit of the product categories of constituents brandsis high Simonin and Ruth (1998) Baumgarth (2003) Huber (2005) HIgh Incongruence Partner brands are moderately incongruent under high involvement conditions. Walchi (1996) Medium Fit constituent brands with Joint branded product Fit of constituents brands and Joint branded product The fit between the brands and the joint branded product is high Hadjicharalambous(2001 Baumgarth (2003)) HIgh Person specific variables Product involvement Involvement with the product category of the cobranded product is high Huber(2005) Medium Brand Orientation Brand orientation is high Huber(2005) Low Constituent brand involvement Constituent brand involvement is high Volckner and Sattler (2006) NA (Source: Helming, Huber Leeflang, 2008) 2.3.3 Spillover Effects Studies on joint branding that delivers spill-over effect are scarce. A structural equation model has been developed by Simonin Ruth (1998) that displays consumers attitude towards the joint branded product, influencing positive attitude towards each partner brand. These authors have also proved that the brand that are less familiar in the market gains weak impact on the consumer attitude by the joint branded product (Lafferty, 2004). Baumgrath (2003) states that, great brand stability has less image erosion due to unfavourable extension, which may deliver weak spill over effect. Joint branded products may increase evaluation of an unknown brand if those unknown brand are joint with well known brand. A joint branded product which has two high equity partners can get a win-win potential, which can lead to great spill over effect. Brands with low brand equity gain the higher benefit from the joint branding and that carrying high brand equity does not suffer down grading of reputation, even if they are joined with a lower equity partner (Washburn, 1999; Washburn et al. 2000; 2004). Vaidyanathan Aggarwal (2000) states that the brand equity of a national brand does not decrease if collaborated with the unknown private brand. Musante (2000) finds that a joint branded products improves its evaluation if it cooperates with the second brand which is perceived to be higher in that dimension. Table 3; Success factor for spill over effects Success factor for spill Spill over effect on one/both brand(s) Source over effect are stronger more positive if.. Characteristics of constituent brand(s) Brand Awareness Brand awareness of one of the constituent brand is high Voss Tanssuhaj (1999) Brand Personality/attitude The brand personality of one of the constituent brand is positive Musante (2000) Brand Equity The brand equity of one of the constituent brands is high Washburn (1999); Vaidyanath Aggarwal (2000); Washburn (2000; 2004) Brand Familiarity The brand familiarity of the constituent brand is low Simonin Ruth (1998) Brand stability The brand stability of the constituent brands is low Baumgarth(2003) Success factor for Spill over effect Spill over effect on one/both brand(s) are stronger /more positive if.. Source Charac

Abraham :: essays research papers

Abraham Abraham, also known as Abram is most commonly known for being the Father of the Jewish people. The majority of the information found on Abraham is located in the Old Testament's Book of Genesis. Other than that, there are no real historical records on the life of Abraham, so the history of his life was passed by word of mouth, and were there after made into biblical stories. There is also the question if Abraham really lived, do to the little information available on his life. Abraham is most famous for making his Covenant with God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Abraham would have lived somewhere between the years of 2000 and 1500 BC. He was born in the city of Ur. Abraham's real name was Abram. The father of Abram , Terach, had two other sons , Haran and Nachor. While living in the city of Ur , Abram married his half-sister, Sarai who later took on the name of Sarah. The newlyweds later learned that Sarai was sterile. They then traveled north to Charan, accompanied by Abraham's father Terach. While in Charan Terach died. It was in Charan where God made his first of a series of revelations to Abram. God spoke to Abram, and told him that he would promise to bless him and make a great nation of him. Abram willingly decided to follow God to the city of Canaan. Abram not only traveled with his wife on this journey, but he also picked up his nephew, Lot. He lived his life in Canaan as a Nomad. Famine eventually struck the land of Canaan , forcing Abram and his family to move on to Egypt.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Egypt, Abram was fearful that the Egyptians would kill him and take his wife Sarai if they were to discover that the two were married. Abram attempted to cover this up by telling everyone that he and Sarai were just brother and sister. The Pharaoh demanded that Sarai be brought to his palace, and as result, God sent down plagues which devastated all of Egypt. In a desperate attempt to save his kingdom, Pharaoh decided it would be best to send Abram and Sarai away.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Abram and his family returned to Canaan after the Famine had ended. Both Lot and Abraham had great wealth in Canaan. The two both owned livestock, and large quantities of silver and gold. Eventually Abram and Lot found that the land could no longer provide the resources that the two men required of it. The two went their separate ways, Lot going to the Jordan Plain, and Abram staying

The Road Not Taken

The poem â€Å"Road Not Take;† by Robert Frost explores decision making as part of a complex nature of human race involving contradictory emotions of fear for unknown future, regret for the possible wrong choice and acceptance and pride in defining an individual. The lack of foresight and fear for choosing wrongly result the hesitance in making choices. The diverged roads symbolises choosing between two decisions. The inverted word order â€Å"long I stood† emphasizes the length of time Frost has taken to try and speculate about the features about each path.However, he fails to comprehend what lays beyond as the second path is â€Å"just as fair† as the first one, revealing the lack of insight contributing to the uncertainty in making decisions. Although the alliteration, â€Å"wanted wear†, hints the second road is not a popular choice, Frost has chosen it to be different, yet his insecurity about the future still makes him doubting his decision with the word choice of â€Å"perhaps†. Although eventually a choice is made, Frost is still unsure his decision and the regret for choosing possibly wrongly.In the title, â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, the word â€Å"not† shows him wandering the result of choosing the well accepted road thus illustrate his regret in choosing the probable harder path. The emotional attachment with â€Å"knowing way leads on to way†, his acknowledges the impossibility to face the same decision again and regret the hardship faced in the unconventional path. The exclamation mark in â€Å"Oh, I kept the first for another day† expresses his desire to have an opportunity to re-choose.After experiencing the fear and regret in making decision, the tone of poem turns and accepted towards end of the poem. The phrase of road â€Å"less travelled by† illustrates his gratification to be different and accept his unique choosing. The enjambment of â€Å"I-/ I took the one less travell ed by† emphasises on â€Å"I†, which demonstrates a sense of pride in being who he is. The poem ends with â€Å"all the difference† reveals his recognition of his less accepted choice defining who he is as an individual.The complex nature of decision making is explored in â€Å"Road Not Taken† thoroughly with effective techniques. Lack of foresight results fear for choosing wrongly and ambivalent decisions. Regrets for making the less chosen road leaves one to wander the result of the widely accepted road. Making decision involves acceptance and pride also as it defines an individual separate from others. Decision making can happen uncountable times in a lifetime and determination and unique thoughts are required no matter which road one chooses. The Road Not Taken A. in pairs ,read the situation below, copy the headings below into your notebooks and make two lists to help you decide what you would do . Your friends are traveling abroad during the vacation and you really want to join them. However , you have been offered a fantastic summer job. You are afraid if you miss this opportunity ,you may not get another one Pros traveling abroad| Pros of taking the job| To have fun| To get money | To visit new places| To be successful| To have close relationship with our friends . | To be more responsible. | To break the routine. | To know new things . | B.What do you usually do when you have a problem or dilemma to solve? Do you follow the steps above? Explain Think of a problem you have solved and tell your partner. Were there any additional steps you used you reach your decision? No, I don't follow the steps, Because I have someone adult that I trust him and talk to him any thing and she will help me . Vocabulary practice:- A. Match the words in A t o their meanings in B. 1. traveler b. someone who goes to places far away 2. equally d. the same 3. doubt e. not sure about something 4. diverge a. divide 5. undergrowth c. plants and bushes . wanted wear g. needed to be walked on 7. wood I. forest 8. make a difference h. change something 9. claim f. demand B. complete the sentences with the words below. Make any necessary changes. 1. The speaker was sorry that he could not take both roads. 2. The traveler could not decide which road to choose. They both looked equally fair. 3. The speaker looked down the road to where it bend in the undergrowth. 4. One way always lead on to another, so the speaker doubt that he would ever come back. 5. In the future, the speaker will be telling about his experience with a fair. A.Describe or draw the scene that the poet describes. One person has a dilemma, he has to choose one road out of two, the choice was risky and adventurous , he choose the less traveled road and he made all differences . B. A nswer the questions. 1. A stanza is a group of lines which form a unit in a poem. Which stanza describes the main idea? Main idea| Stanza | 1. The speaker decides to take the less-traveled road. | 2| 2. The speaker describes his location. | 1| 3. The speaker's decision changed his life. | 4| 4. The speaker doesn't think he will ever try the other road. | 3| 2.What does the poet like about the second road considers? The speaker took the second road that was grassy and wanted wear. 3. Find the lines in the poem that have a similar meaning to each sentence below. a. I wished that I could walk down both road : lines 2. b. I chose the less-traveled road : line 18-19. c. I didn't think I would ever return to try the other road : line14-15. d. I will only know if I made the right decision in the future : lines 17. e. The choice I made affected my whole life: line 20 A. What is the setting of the poem? The place : in the forest( yellow wood) . The Time : Summer/In the morning B.You learned about the thinking skill of problem solving on page 19. What is the speaker's dilemma in the poem and how does he solve it? Complete the graphic organizer below . Use the thinking skill of problem solving to help you . Problem/Dilemma Option 1: The road bends and disappeared in the undergrowth. Option 2 : The road looks â€Å"grassy and wanted wear â€Å". Solution: The speaker choose option (2) because, it is less trodden on and less used. C. Writers often use metaphor, a comparison between two things. For example, â€Å"happiness is a smile†. In the road not taken, the writer describes a fork in the road with two different paths.What are the paths compared to? Explain. The two different paths in the wood are compared to the options we can choose. or ways we can travel ,in life. D. Answer the question. 1. What is the speaker's motive for choosing one way over the other. The speaker choose the road that grassy and wanted wear he choose the road that is less traveled because , he want to be different from others, and he want to have a special life. 2. What kind of person do you think the speaker is ? (For example :conventional, unconventional, spontaneous, deep thinking, boring, adventurous).I think the speaker have a special brain he want to hear life is the best from another people , he is a risky person (adventures). E. Answer the questions. 1. Why doesn't the speaker think he will ever have a chance to walk the other road? What does this tell us about our decisions? The speaker doesn't think that he will have a chance to back to choose the other road , He think that on way lead to another that on think lead to another and should never come back when we choose a decision we should know what to choose . 2. How does the speaker feel when he makes his choice? How do we know this?The speaker was not sure of this decision he was doubt if he should ever come back or not he was confused and we see that in the poem in (line 5). 3. The speaker does not yet kn ow how his choice has affected his life. He says he â€Å"shall be telling this with a sigh / somewhere ages and ages hence†. How does the speaker think he will feel about the choice he made? The speaker says that he will tell about his decision in future with a sigh and that sigh might with a relief for choosing the right decision or with a great to choosing the wrong decision if it was wrong or true , it make a change in his life . . Why do you think the writer called the poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† instead of â€Å"The road Taken†. I think that the writer called the poem â€Å"The road not taken† because, it might be the road that most people don't choose it and he want to different from others so he take the less traveled road. F. A device that poets often use to give structure to their poetry is rhyme, the repetition of sounds at the end of the line. Robert Frost used rhyme in this poem. Which words rhyme? Would,stood,could Both,undergrowth Fair,w here,there Claim,sameLay,day,way Black. back Sigh,I,by Hence,difference A. read the background information. Robert frost (1874-1963) was born in san Francisco , California, but spent most of his life in a rural area of New England in the northeastern part of the United states . the area is know for its hills , woods , farms , and small towns , which frost depicts in his poems Frost Claims that the poem , THE ROAD NOT TAKEN ,(published in 1916) was written about his friend Edward Thomas with whom he walked in the woods in London , where he lived from(1912-15).Frost said that while walking , they would come to different paths , and after choosing one, Thomas would worry ,wondering what they might have massed by not taking the other path. B. Robert Frost is often called a New England poet. How is this reflected in the poem The road Not Taken? Answer the questions. 1. Did you enjoy reading the poem? Why or why not? Yes I enjoy reading the poem if makes my think twice when I want to choo se a hard decision and never come back because one think in life leads to another . And I love the speaker because he have a good brain and A nice ideas and he want to be a best person in his life . . What did you learn from reading the poem ? I learned that taking a different road that people do not take is not bad because, we can discover new things, and make differences. 3. do you think that being aware of the stages of problem solving will help you make better decision and solve problems more easily in the future ? Yes, knowing the stages of solving problems can help me solve problems easily its clear the problem that I can suggest many solutions . The Road Not Taken Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I couldTo where it bent in the undergrowth; Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim Because it was grassy and wanted wear, Though as for that the pa ssing there Had worn them really about the same, And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black. Oh, I marked the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way I doubted if I should ever come back. I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I, I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference. Robert Frost

Nutrition And Pregnancy Nutrition - 1501 Words

Chapter - 5 Maternal Nutrition in Pregnancy Nutrition and pregnancy refers to the nutrient intake, and dietary planning that is undertaken before, during and after pregnancy. The conception and the subsequent weeks afterwards is the time when it is at its most vulnerable, as it is the time when the organs and systems develop within. The enegy used to create these systems comes from the energy and nutrients in the mother’s circulation, and around the lining of the womb, such is the reason why correct nutrient intake during pregnancy is so important. There is a recognised need for good nutrition during pregnancy, breastfeeding and in the early years of life. Adequate nutrition in pregnant women is important to allow the fetus to grow and develop physically and mentally to its full potential. It has a major impact on infant mortality, growth and development and forms the foundations of health in later life. Folic acid supplementation, bodh pre-conceptually and in the first twelve weeks of pregnancy, is particularly importa nt as it significantly reduces the risk of neural tube defect (NTD). Good nutrition befoer, during and after pregnancy is important to the mother herself–both in the short-and long-term. She needs to the have sufficient energy and appropriate levels of nutrients to maintain her own health as well as provide for the fetus and future breastfeeding needs. In the UK, nutrient requirements and healthy eating recommendations for women before, during and afterShow MoreRelatedNutrition And Nutrition During Pregnancy1912 Words   |  8 Pagesnutritional intake can help prevent disease and promote health. An individual’s needs for nutrients and energy change over the span of one s life. 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