Abraham :: essays research papers

Abraham Abraham, also known as Abram is most commonly known for being the Father of the Jewish people. The majority of the information found on Abraham is located in the Old Testament's Book of Genesis. Other than that, there are no real historical records on the life of Abraham, so the history of his life was passed by word of mouth, and were there after made into biblical stories. There is also the question if Abraham really lived, do to the little information available on his life. Abraham is most famous for making his Covenant with God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Abraham would have lived somewhere between the years of 2000 and 1500 BC. He was born in the city of Ur. Abraham's real name was Abram. The father of Abram , Terach, had two other sons , Haran and Nachor. While living in the city of Ur , Abram married his half-sister, Sarai who later took on the name of Sarah. The newlyweds later learned that Sarai was sterile. They then traveled north to Charan, accompanied by Abraham's father Terach. While in Charan Terach died. It was in Charan where God made his first of a series of revelations to Abram. God spoke to Abram, and told him that he would promise to bless him and make a great nation of him. Abram willingly decided to follow God to the city of Canaan. Abram not only traveled with his wife on this journey, but he also picked up his nephew, Lot. He lived his life in Canaan as a Nomad. Famine eventually struck the land of Canaan , forcing Abram and his family to move on to Egypt.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Egypt, Abram was fearful that the Egyptians would kill him and take his wife Sarai if they were to discover that the two were married. Abram attempted to cover this up by telling everyone that he and Sarai were just brother and sister. The Pharaoh demanded that Sarai be brought to his palace, and as result, God sent down plagues which devastated all of Egypt. In a desperate attempt to save his kingdom, Pharaoh decided it would be best to send Abram and Sarai away.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Abram and his family returned to Canaan after the Famine had ended. Both Lot and Abraham had great wealth in Canaan. The two both owned livestock, and large quantities of silver and gold. Eventually Abram and Lot found that the land could no longer provide the resources that the two men required of it. The two went their separate ways, Lot going to the Jordan Plain, and Abram staying

The Road Not Taken

The poem â€Å"Road Not Take;† by Robert Frost explores decision making as part of a complex nature of human race involving contradictory emotions of fear for unknown future, regret for the possible wrong choice and acceptance and pride in defining an individual. The lack of foresight and fear for choosing wrongly result the hesitance in making choices. The diverged roads symbolises choosing between two decisions. The inverted word order â€Å"long I stood† emphasizes the length of time Frost has taken to try and speculate about the features about each path.However, he fails to comprehend what lays beyond as the second path is â€Å"just as fair† as the first one, revealing the lack of insight contributing to the uncertainty in making decisions. Although the alliteration, â€Å"wanted wear†, hints the second road is not a popular choice, Frost has chosen it to be different, yet his insecurity about the future still makes him doubting his decision with the word choice of â€Å"perhaps†. Although eventually a choice is made, Frost is still unsure his decision and the regret for choosing possibly wrongly.In the title, â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, the word â€Å"not† shows him wandering the result of choosing the well accepted road thus illustrate his regret in choosing the probable harder path. The emotional attachment with â€Å"knowing way leads on to way†, his acknowledges the impossibility to face the same decision again and regret the hardship faced in the unconventional path. The exclamation mark in â€Å"Oh, I kept the first for another day† expresses his desire to have an opportunity to re-choose.After experiencing the fear and regret in making decision, the tone of poem turns and accepted towards end of the poem. The phrase of road â€Å"less travelled by† illustrates his gratification to be different and accept his unique choosing. The enjambment of â€Å"I-/ I took the one less travell ed by† emphasises on â€Å"I†, which demonstrates a sense of pride in being who he is. The poem ends with â€Å"all the difference† reveals his recognition of his less accepted choice defining who he is as an individual.The complex nature of decision making is explored in â€Å"Road Not Taken† thoroughly with effective techniques. Lack of foresight results fear for choosing wrongly and ambivalent decisions. Regrets for making the less chosen road leaves one to wander the result of the widely accepted road. Making decision involves acceptance and pride also as it defines an individual separate from others. Decision making can happen uncountable times in a lifetime and determination and unique thoughts are required no matter which road one chooses. The Road Not Taken A. in pairs ,read the situation below, copy the headings below into your notebooks and make two lists to help you decide what you would do . Your friends are traveling abroad during the vacation and you really want to join them. However , you have been offered a fantastic summer job. You are afraid if you miss this opportunity ,you may not get another one Pros traveling abroad| Pros of taking the job| To have fun| To get money | To visit new places| To be successful| To have close relationship with our friends . | To be more responsible. | To break the routine. | To know new things . | B.What do you usually do when you have a problem or dilemma to solve? Do you follow the steps above? Explain Think of a problem you have solved and tell your partner. Were there any additional steps you used you reach your decision? No, I don't follow the steps, Because I have someone adult that I trust him and talk to him any thing and she will help me . Vocabulary practice:- A. Match the words in A t o their meanings in B. 1. traveler b. someone who goes to places far away 2. equally d. the same 3. doubt e. not sure about something 4. diverge a. divide 5. undergrowth c. plants and bushes . wanted wear g. needed to be walked on 7. wood I. forest 8. make a difference h. change something 9. claim f. demand B. complete the sentences with the words below. Make any necessary changes. 1. The speaker was sorry that he could not take both roads. 2. The traveler could not decide which road to choose. They both looked equally fair. 3. The speaker looked down the road to where it bend in the undergrowth. 4. One way always lead on to another, so the speaker doubt that he would ever come back. 5. In the future, the speaker will be telling about his experience with a fair. A.Describe or draw the scene that the poet describes. One person has a dilemma, he has to choose one road out of two, the choice was risky and adventurous , he choose the less traveled road and he made all differences . B. A nswer the questions. 1. A stanza is a group of lines which form a unit in a poem. Which stanza describes the main idea? Main idea| Stanza | 1. The speaker decides to take the less-traveled road. | 2| 2. The speaker describes his location. | 1| 3. The speaker's decision changed his life. | 4| 4. The speaker doesn't think he will ever try the other road. | 3| 2.What does the poet like about the second road considers? The speaker took the second road that was grassy and wanted wear. 3. Find the lines in the poem that have a similar meaning to each sentence below. a. I wished that I could walk down both road : lines 2. b. I chose the less-traveled road : line 18-19. c. I didn't think I would ever return to try the other road : line14-15. d. I will only know if I made the right decision in the future : lines 17. e. The choice I made affected my whole life: line 20 A. What is the setting of the poem? The place : in the forest( yellow wood) . The Time : Summer/In the morning B.You learned about the thinking skill of problem solving on page 19. What is the speaker's dilemma in the poem and how does he solve it? Complete the graphic organizer below . Use the thinking skill of problem solving to help you . Problem/Dilemma Option 1: The road bends and disappeared in the undergrowth. Option 2 : The road looks â€Å"grassy and wanted wear â€Å". Solution: The speaker choose option (2) because, it is less trodden on and less used. C. Writers often use metaphor, a comparison between two things. For example, â€Å"happiness is a smile†. In the road not taken, the writer describes a fork in the road with two different paths.What are the paths compared to? Explain. The two different paths in the wood are compared to the options we can choose. or ways we can travel ,in life. D. Answer the question. 1. What is the speaker's motive for choosing one way over the other. The speaker choose the road that grassy and wanted wear he choose the road that is less traveled because , he want to be different from others, and he want to have a special life. 2. What kind of person do you think the speaker is ? (For example :conventional, unconventional, spontaneous, deep thinking, boring, adventurous).I think the speaker have a special brain he want to hear life is the best from another people , he is a risky person (adventures). E. Answer the questions. 1. Why doesn't the speaker think he will ever have a chance to walk the other road? What does this tell us about our decisions? The speaker doesn't think that he will have a chance to back to choose the other road , He think that on way lead to another that on think lead to another and should never come back when we choose a decision we should know what to choose . 2. How does the speaker feel when he makes his choice? How do we know this?The speaker was not sure of this decision he was doubt if he should ever come back or not he was confused and we see that in the poem in (line 5). 3. The speaker does not yet kn ow how his choice has affected his life. He says he â€Å"shall be telling this with a sigh / somewhere ages and ages hence†. How does the speaker think he will feel about the choice he made? The speaker says that he will tell about his decision in future with a sigh and that sigh might with a relief for choosing the right decision or with a great to choosing the wrong decision if it was wrong or true , it make a change in his life . . Why do you think the writer called the poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† instead of â€Å"The road Taken†. I think that the writer called the poem â€Å"The road not taken† because, it might be the road that most people don't choose it and he want to different from others so he take the less traveled road. F. A device that poets often use to give structure to their poetry is rhyme, the repetition of sounds at the end of the line. Robert Frost used rhyme in this poem. Which words rhyme? Would,stood,could Both,undergrowth Fair,w here,there Claim,sameLay,day,way Black. back Sigh,I,by Hence,difference A. read the background information. Robert frost (1874-1963) was born in san Francisco , California, but spent most of his life in a rural area of New England in the northeastern part of the United states . the area is know for its hills , woods , farms , and small towns , which frost depicts in his poems Frost Claims that the poem , THE ROAD NOT TAKEN ,(published in 1916) was written about his friend Edward Thomas with whom he walked in the woods in London , where he lived from(1912-15).Frost said that while walking , they would come to different paths , and after choosing one, Thomas would worry ,wondering what they might have massed by not taking the other path. B. Robert Frost is often called a New England poet. How is this reflected in the poem The road Not Taken? Answer the questions. 1. Did you enjoy reading the poem? Why or why not? Yes I enjoy reading the poem if makes my think twice when I want to choo se a hard decision and never come back because one think in life leads to another . And I love the speaker because he have a good brain and A nice ideas and he want to be a best person in his life . . What did you learn from reading the poem ? I learned that taking a different road that people do not take is not bad because, we can discover new things, and make differences. 3. do you think that being aware of the stages of problem solving will help you make better decision and solve problems more easily in the future ? Yes, knowing the stages of solving problems can help me solve problems easily its clear the problem that I can suggest many solutions . The Road Not Taken Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I couldTo where it bent in the undergrowth; Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim Because it was grassy and wanted wear, Though as for that the pa ssing there Had worn them really about the same, And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black. Oh, I marked the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way I doubted if I should ever come back. I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I, I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference. Robert Frost

Nutrition And Pregnancy Nutrition - 1501 Words

Chapter - 5 Maternal Nutrition in Pregnancy Nutrition and pregnancy refers to the nutrient intake, and dietary planning that is undertaken before, during and after pregnancy. The conception and the subsequent weeks afterwards is the time when it is at its most vulnerable, as it is the time when the organs and systems develop within. The enegy used to create these systems comes from the energy and nutrients in the mother’s circulation, and around the lining of the womb, such is the reason why correct nutrient intake during pregnancy is so important. There is a recognised need for good nutrition during pregnancy, breastfeeding and in the early years of life. Adequate nutrition in pregnant women is important to allow the fetus to grow and develop physically and mentally to its full potential. It has a major impact on infant mortality, growth and development and forms the foundations of health in later life. Folic acid supplementation, bodh pre-conceptually and in the first twelve weeks of pregnancy, is particularly importa nt as it significantly reduces the risk of neural tube defect (NTD). Good nutrition befoer, during and after pregnancy is important to the mother herself–both in the short-and long-term. She needs to the have sufficient energy and appropriate levels of nutrients to maintain her own health as well as provide for the fetus and future breastfeeding needs. In the UK, nutrient requirements and healthy eating recommendations for women before, during and afterShow MoreRelatedNutrition And Nutrition During Pregnancy1912 Words   |  8 Pagesnutritional intake can help prevent disease and promote health. An individual’s needs for nutrients and energy change over the span of one s life. According to ‘Nutrition Through the Life Cycle’, â€Å"One will find it easy to consider that, for good health outcomes, the importance of good nutrition begins in the diet and nutrition during pregnancy, and continues during childhood, adolescence and adulthood to ensure healthy ageing and good quality of life in the last stages of one’s life (Goldberg 63).†Read MoreNutrition During Pregnancy1417 Words   |  6 PagesNutrition during Pregnancy by Amy V. Haas [Editors Note: This article first appeared in Having a Baby Today Issue 5, Spring 2002.] Photos by Jennifer Rosenberg The single most important thing that you can do for your baby is to eat a healthy, well-balanced diet. A well-balanced diet is one that includes foods from all food groups in appropriate amounts, so as to ensure proper nutrition. Proper nutrition ensures that all essential nutrients (carbohydrates, fats, protein, vitamins, minerals andRead MoreNutrition Requirement During Pregnancy566 Words   |  2 PagesNutrition in Pregnancy Nutrition and inter-professional care in pregnancy is a very important dimension and part of a womans pregnancy from start to finish. Nutrition is important because pregnancy represents the very beginning of a babys development and it is important that both the pregnant woman and the fetus be supplied with needed nutrients such as vitamins and what-not during the pregnancy process so that the baby is born healthy and the woman having the baby remains healthy. While someRead MoreExercise And Nutrition During Pregnancy1876 Words   |  8 PagesTeaching Project Exercise and Nutrition during pregnancy By: Logan Machin Description of family and patient and their learning needs: Patient is Katy Press. Katy is a 32 year old female with a history of being obese and is currently 26 weeks pregnant with her first child. Katy came into hospital with concerns regarding the health of her developing child in regards to her personal health and lifestyle choices. She has a medical history of mild hypertension, poor diet, and slight osteopeniaRead MoreThe Importance of Exercise and Nutrition During Pregnancy Essay1384 Words   |  6 PagesEveryone knows that a healthy pregnancy requires special care. A healthy diet accompanied by moderate exercise is very important as it will cause the fetus has a great development and thus a pregnancy will be much better, but staying healthy during pregnancy depends on you, so its crucial to arm yourself with information about the many ways to keep you and your baby as healthy as possible. A healthy diet is very important because the deficiency of some nutrients can cause various adverse effectsRead MoreThe Stages of Pregnancy and Nutrition during Your Gestation Period1682 Words   |  7 Pagesexperience of motherhood? Are you making plans to get conceived in the right period of time with certain steps? If your answers to these questions are â€Å"sure, why not?† then you need to know about the stages of your pregnancy as soon as you get the pregnancy test with positive results. In fact, pregnancy is a big event in every woman’s life and a very exciting experience for the first time. Some women feel confident that they were pregnant at the time of conception and others don’t believe until they performRead MoreNutrition During Pregnancy Is Extremely Important During Fetal Growth And Development1784 Words   |  8 Pageshuman nature to want better for your children than you previously had Nutrition during pregnancy is extremely important during fetal growth and development Micronutrients are necessary for normal growth and development of the fetus and deficiencies have been found to be associated with fetal growth retardation and small for gestational age infants (9). Even some animal models have shown that micronutrient deficiencies during pregnancy can potentially increase adiposity to the offspring at birth (9).Read MoreWic Program Essay1025 Words   |  5 PagesServices is a federal program that provides health care and proper nutrition to low income pregnant, postpartum, and breastfeeding women during a crucial time for both mothers and babies. The mission of WIC is to â€Å"safeguard the health of low-income women, infants, and children up to age 5 who are at nutrition risk by providing nutritious foods to supplement diets, information on healthy eating, and referrals to health care.† (Food and Nutrition Service, 2010). Services are provided through various healthRead MoreThe Effects Of Nutrition On Health And Health955 Words   |  4 Pageshealthy, but one thing in common that is important no matter what, is nutrition. Nutrition greatly influences our health and can be detrimental in preventing or treating a disease. Prevention is crucial to stay healthy and free of illness and disease and nutrition plays a huge part in this process. Nutrition is important in all stages of life-from pregnancy, birth, toddler, children, teenagers, adults, and the elderly. Pregnancy is arguably one of the most important phase in life, simply because aRead MoreThe Maternal Mortality Of South Africa Essay1389 Words   |  6 Pagesbe avoided through appropriate nutrition and dietary-related practices (Bradshaw et al 2008). In South Africa, one in three women have a mental problem during or shortly after the pregnancy period [Field Honikman 2015; Mental Health and Poverty Project (MHaPP) 2010]. This statistic is three times higher the rate in developed countries (MHaPP 2010). Mental illness is common in South Africa since many women develop psychological stress during and after pregnancy (Field Honikman 2015). Women

The Health Care-Based Vulnerability of Elderly Populations

The Health Care-Based Vulnerability of Elderly Populations Megan E. Stratton HCS 531 June 11th, 2012 Dr. Arenz Russell The Health Care-Based Vulnerability of Elderly Populations Vulnerability, or the susceptibility to a form of harm, results from an interaction between the resources available to the elderly and communities and the life challenges they face. Vulnerability results from developmental problems, personal incapacities, disadvantaged social status, inadequate formal health care coverage, inadequacy of interpersonal networks and supports, degraded neighborhoods and environments, and the complex interactions of these factors over the life course (Mechanic, 2012). When researched several types of vulnerable populations†¦show more content†¦As a person ages, theirs body cannot perform the way it used to. This will cause many elderly people to loose their job or choose to go into retirement. Both of these options cause a loss in health care as well and a reduced or exterminated income. Here alone lies a reason that the elderly population is challenged. The elderly population also has a tendency to develop a chronic illness that can be life threatening if not treated or controlled properly. This means that need for health care treatments also increases. At least 40% of those over age 65 will have nutrition-related health problems requiring treatment or management (Gigante, 2012). It is important to realize that 10% of people over the age of 65 and will develop Alzheimer’s disease and 50% of those over the age of 85 will develop this disease (Gigante, 2012). More elderly African American men and women use government aid than white men and women. Therefore, this population will be vulnerable because of the lack of funding, proper health care and insurance. Health Care System Impact As this baby-boomer generation continues to age there will be profound effects on the way that money is spent on health care and insurance. With approximately 77 million people turning 65 over the next several years, the amount of government spending on Medicare will greatly increase (Gigante, 2012). Thus, the demand for medical care associated with the aging population will soShow MoreRelatedThe Elderly as a Vulnerable Population Essay811 Words   |  4 PagesThe Elderly as a Vulnerable Population Lauren M. Lorio NUR/440 April 9, 2012 Maria Mendez The Elderly as a Vulnerable Population Vulnerability is defined as susceptibility or increased risk for health problems (DeChesnay, 2008).   A group of individuals are considered at higher risk for illness when their physical, emotional, psychological, or social health, is compromised (Aday, 2001).   There are many leading causes for why a population is considered at higher risk; socioeconomic, age, genderRead MoreEthics Of Robot Companionship And Elderly Care1081 Words   |  5 PagesEthics of Robot Companionship and Elderly Care 1. The Ethical Issue The elderly population is growing in the United Sates. According to the Department of Health and Human Service, the older population –people aged 65 and over– â€Å"represented 14.1% in the population in the year 2013 and are expected to grow to be 21.7% of the population by 2040† (â€Å"Administration on Aging† 1). And since many adult children live far away from their parents, some people suggests that using robot as companies can easeRead MoreAt Risk vs. Vulnerable Populations1196 Words   |  5 Pagesdifference between a group at risk for poor health and a group considered a vulnerable population? Provide an example of a group at risk and a group considered a vulnerable population. Explain why members of these groups cannot advocate for themselves or why advocating for these groups would be beneficial. What would you advocate for? The notion of groups â€Å"at risk† for poor health differs from vulnerable populations. â€Å"A population at risk is a population with a common identified risk factor orRead MoreEssay On Msk790 Words   |  4 Pagesnon-communication diseases (NCDs) as MSK in aging’s health have widely reported globally. The high prevalence of functional limitation and disability due to MSK has drastically impacted not only on individual health, but also socio-economic costs related to higher health care needs9,75. Crucially, evidence revealed that there exists a certain of MSK–OA, RA, osteoporosis, and musculoskeletal pain as neck pain or low back pain–have significantly affected both on aging’s health and individual’s cost of care9,10,75Read MoreEssay about vulnerable population1581 Words   |  7 Pages Vulnerable populations Despite efforts and goals in the United States to reduce or eliminate disparities in healthcare by 2010, significant disparities, including risk factors, access to healthcare, morbidity, and mortality, continues in vulnerable populations. For example, studies find that Americans living in poverty are much more likely to be in fair or poor health and have disabling conditions, and are less likely to have used manyRead MoreTrust Is Obtainable To The Health Care Staff That Consistently1257 Words   |  6 PagesTrust is obtainable to the health care staff that consistently grounds their thoughts on the well-being of all their patients. It is imperative for health care staff to open their understanding to minorities in regard to cultural differences and the deterrents aiding their distrust of medical staff. Moreover, the collaborative effort of the United States (U.S.) healthcare system that helped improve and hindered the growth of trust between the minorities and health car e staff. Understanding everyRead MoreLife Of Retirement And A Healthy Social Status1045 Words   |  5 Pagesthe consequences are that the numbers in population are leading to dramatic changes in economy. With a population comes aging, which is now facing us(future generations included) with long-term economic consequences. Much is being discussed and reviewed over the demographic difference caused by the aging of the baby boomers generation defined as those born between 1946 and 1964. Over the next few years, the increasing population of seniors and elderly people will impact our economy and it willRead MoreEssay on Health Disparities of elderly population1379 Words   |  6 Pagesilluminate and discuss healthcare vulnerabilities of the elderly rural population in Baker County, Florida and describe how the nursing profession can address these problems. Rural health has been a complex and multifaceted challenge for government and healthcare practitioners. The elderly who live a lone in the county suffer from low socioeconomic status, low health literacy rates, declining cognitive and physical health and lack of healthcare facilities. The health status of this vulnerable groupRead MoreNursing Shortage And Its Effects On Health Care Policy877 Words   |  4 Pagesincreasing numbers of populations are driving the shortage as well. The demands means the amounts of high quality of care driven by the registered nurse in there positions that the organizations willing to attain at the given value. Moreover, the supply is the amount of good services nurses provides in their care. Registered nurses are growing at a minimum rate; however, large numbers of nurses are anticipated to retire soon. In addition, nursing shortage directly impacts health care policy in many waysRead MoreChallenges of Caring for Elderly Patients1839 Words   |  7 Pagesbaby boomers goes into the older adult phase, the number of elderly individuals requiring medical services will certainly magnify (Topaz, Maxim Doron, 2013). Older patients who come to the emergency department usually have more complicated conditions than younger patients. The older persons typically have multiple co-existing diseases, take different medications and present with atypical symptoms (Peters, 2010). The management of elderly patients is further complicated by numerous aging-related changes

Chemistry by Graham Swift, Snowdrops by Leslie Norris,...

Chemistry by Graham Swift, Snowdrops by Leslie Norris, and finally Superman and Paula Brown’s New Snowsuit by Sylvia Platt. How do the authors of the anthology deal with the subject of change? In this essay I am comparing three stories together. These stories are ‘Chemistry by Graham Swift’, ‘Snowdrops by Leslie Norris’, and finally ‘Superman and Paula Brown’s New Snowsuit by Sylvia Platt.’ I will investigate how the stories are similar and different, and also how they come across to the reader. I will explore the techniques they use and how each author deals with the subject of change. ‘Chemistry’ is about a boy recalling his childhood and that sees an ‘invisible’ bond between himself, his mother, and his†¦show more content†¦So we see from the beginning these three stories share similar themes of childhood experiences. Chemistry is a very depressing story, the boy loves his grandfather, and he sees a triangle bond between himself, his mother, and his grandfather. The three go to the pond together to play with the boy’s boat; he sees that the trip the boat makes across the water is on an invisible bonding line. One day the boat sinks, the boy is heartbroken, and not soon after his mother’s lover Ralph invades and takes over the house, forcing Grandfather into isolation in his shed. Grandfather doesn’t seem to mind being in his shed, he sees it as ‘freedom’ and shows the boy some chemistry. He tells the boy a valuable lesson that everything can change. Snowdrops is also quite a depressing story, it is misunderstood until the end what is going on in the story. At the beginning a funeral was mentioned but seems it does not have any relevance to the story. At the middle of the story the mother asks if Miss Webster was in school, which she was not. When Miss Webster does turn up she is wearing a ‘black frock’ (any relevance?) and she makes sure that they see the snowdrops at the same time the funeral passes the school, she then stands at the gates mourning. Superman and Paula Brown’s new snowsuit’s mood is depressing. The poor girl’s childhood dreams are shattered by horrible documentaries of war, and an incident that she was blamed for.

Organisational Structure & Strategies

Question: Write about theOrganisational Structure Strategies. Answer: Organisational structure acts as one of the integral parts in case of operating the organisation in an efficient manner. The structure of any organisaition depicts the hierarchy present within the organisation. Therefore the structure of an organisation helps in determining the way power, responsibilities the job roles have to be assigned among different layers of the organisation. It also ascertains the way information passes through one level of management to others. To operate an organisaition smoothly, it is imperative to adopt various strategies. It is essential to form strategies by the management of the organisaition. Strategies are generally set on the basis of the behaviour of people within the organisation. Proper utilisation of skills is imperative from the point of view of the organisation to set their organisational strategies. Organisational strategies generally play a vital role in determining the structure of the organisation (Jones, 2010). Setting various strategies at the initial stage, help in designing a good organisational structure. In this case, strategies act as the pillar of the organisational structure. This is not applicable for every organisation. In case of few organisaition the strategies are set on the basis of structure of the organisation. Few structures of organisation are not suitable for making correct strategies regarding the business operation. If the organisation consists of large numbers of layers in the management level, then it will not be able to make appropriate strategies. If layers between operations management is more, it hampers the decision making process. The horizontal structure of the organisation is effective in operating the organisation in a smooth manner. Another element of the organisational structure is the bureaucracy in general bureaucracy acts as the red tapism in case of an organisation (Zheng et al., 2010). Bureaucracy elongates the decision making process this acts as a hindrance in the busines s operation. Only making strategies is not enough for any organisation, the implementation of these strategies is inevitable with the help of designing suitable structure. In case of Woolworth food group organisational structure plays an important role. In this organisation the organisational structure is horizontal or flat in nature this facilitates the decision making process of the company. The organisational structure also helps in making proper strategies for the effective management of the organisation. In case of this organisation the role of bureaucracy is every low. This also makes the decision making process faster. Hence, in this organisation the organisational structure determines the strategies of the organisation (Silva et al., 2010). Different strategies are made by the management taking into consideration decisions of employees. Involving employees of the organisation in the decision making process imparts a feeling within employees, that they are an integral part of the organisation. This acts as a motivational tool to improve the productivity of employees. [Source: Woolworths, 2015] Therefore, strategies structure of an organisation are interrelated to each other. In few organisations, strategies help in designing structure in others the structure of the organisation facilitates the organisation in making strategies (Daft, 2012). In case of Woolworth Food Group the short long term strategies are made on the basis of the flat organisational structure. References Daft, R. (2012).Organization theory and design. Nelson Education. Jones, G. R. (2010). Organizational theory, design, and change. Silva, N. D., Hutcheson, J., Wahl, G. D. (2010). Organizational strategy and employee outcomes: A personorganization fit perspective.The Journal of psychology,144(2), 145-161. Woolworths. (2015).Woolworths Food Group. [online] Available at: https://www.wowlink.com.au/cmgt/wcm/connect/9ef48c0049157799a0e6f5f933fb4d80/Food_Group_Org_Chart_130715.pdf?MOD=AJPERES [Accessed 1 May 2017]. Zheng, W., Yang, B., McLean, G. N. (2010). Linking organizational culture, structure, strategy, and organizational effectiveness: Mediating role of knowledge management.Journal of Business research,63(7), 763-771.

Media Systems Dependency Theory

Introduction Two communication scholars, Ball Rokeach and Melvin DeFleur, formulated the media systems theory in 1976, which is based on the sociological concepts suggesting that the influence of mass media should be understood in terms of the larger social systems. In this regard, the theory combines the relationships between the larger social systems, the mass media, and the members of society. The relationship between the mass media and society ought to be understood from a larger social perspective.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Media Systems Dependency Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The theory is based on the premise that the media is critical to an individual’s life mainly because it is depended upon in fulfilling the basic needs. In other words, the mass media influences the behaviour of an individual more if it is relied upon in fulfilling the basic needs (Ball-Rokeach, DeFleur , 1976). Media dependency theory is focused on explaining the relationships between various components of life, which influence the behaviour of an individual. Communication scholars are of the view that media dependency is based on three major relationships, one of them being the relationship between society and the mass media. The theory posits further that media dependence is based on an individual’s political, economic, and socio-cultural systems. The second form of relationship is between the media and the audience. In fact, this relationship plays a critical role in the understanding of the theory since it influences the way in which an individual utilizes the mass media. The importance of information forces an individual to look for it everywhere. This strengthens an individual’s dependence on the media. The final relationship is between the audience and the society whereby it is noted that the society influences information consumption. The society sets the nee ds of an individual, as well as the motives for the utilization of media information. The society is known to set standards, principles, knowledge, and regulations, which determine the type of information to be utilized. Based on these relationships, it is argued that the media influences society in a number of ways. This article evaluates the effects of the media on the behaviour of individuals. The Media Needs and the Dependency on the Media The two theorists, Ball Rokeach and Melvin DeFleur, suggested that at least three types of human needs forces an individual to depend on the media. One of the needs is the desire to comprehend the social world through surveillance. This means that the world is full of jargons that only the mass media can interpret. The media in this case plays a critical role of influencing an individual’s orientation to the world. The second human need is the urge to act meaningfully and effectively meaning that the media provides important information that helps an individual behave in a way that would be pleasant to others. In other words, it helps an individual in acting as a rational actor. Through the media, an individual becomes a social utility since his or her views would be very important in understanding some concepts and issues in society.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The third need is the need to depart from anxiety since social life is characterized by tensions and mistrusts. The individual will therefore make use of the media information to keep away from conflicts, which threatens the very survival of society. According to the theory, people depend on the media more when the needs are high, which implies that they are influenced more. The theory proposes further that the importance of the media is usually high when tension is high in society. In this regard, it suggests two conditions that hei ghten the situation. When the media channels are more and when they are centrally located, the need for such media information goes up. An example is given in the developed countries where the mass media is available everywhere. In the United States and Canada, the media outlets are enormous, which give an individual an opportunity to choose the type of information he or she would want to utilize. The media in this regard serves centralized social functions. In fact, some analysts observe that the media in the United States is treated as the fourth branch of government, after the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary. The media plays a critical role in times of emergencies. Furthermore, the media provides valuable entertainment. When compared to the third world, the media is not valued so much since the society is yet to appreciate its role. Therefore, the media influences the lives of individuals in the developed countries more as compared to the third world. People are lik ely to fulfil their needs through the media in developed countries as compared to the third world. When a society is going through political, economic, and socio-cultural change, the media is always relied upon to offer guidance. People trust the media during the times of crisis since it reports exact information, unlike other concerned organizations, which would want to safe their image. The media influences the lives of people more during the times of catastrophes as compared to other ordinary days. Recently, the media played a critical role in the Arab spring since it was accused of causing tensions and unnecessary disturbances to the social structure. In the United States, the media did a commendable job during the Hurricane Katrina since it helped in saving lives. The Effects of Media Message Ball-Rokeach and DeFleur were of the view that the impacts of the media on the behaviour of individuals and the society in general could be generalized into cognitive, behavioural and affe ctive effects. However, it is critical to understand the features of human beings and the social environment. In terms of cognitive influence, they suggested that the media influences the cognitive processes of individuals in five major ways.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Media Systems Dependency Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the cognitive effects is related to ambiguity and conflict resolution whereby the media plays a role in resolving conflicts in society. When an individual receives inadequate information, he or she might be affected in a way since an individual would fear for his or her life. This would probably generate stress, which would lead to stress disorders. At this stage, an individual resorts to media information to resolve tension. The second cognitive effect of the media is related to agenda setting. In fact, the theory incorporates the theory of agenda setting into i ts tenets. When people are faced with a problem of developing strategies to resolve an issue, they turn to the media for ideas, which would help in setting the agenda. This happened in the United States in 2003 when the country invaded Iraq. The third cognitive effect is attitude formation since the media tends to expose individuals to new groups of people and events. Through the media, an individual comes to know world celebrities, world agendas, and political figures. An individual would tend to like or dislike an individual based on the information that the media presents. It is suggested that the media can influence an individual to believe something that was not originally part of his or her belief system. Finally, the media plays a role in clarifying issues to individuals. In the study of the relationship between the media and violent behaviour, two issues crop up. These issues must be defined clearly in order to understand what entails violence. A difference between media vio lence and violent behaviour exists whereby media violence refers to the visual exposà © of acts of physical assault by one individual against the other. The media has continuously portrayed violent material that affects the normal behaviour of individuals, particularly the young persons. Violent media content encourages the youth to be violent. Violent behaviour on the other hand refers to the aggressive behaviour that might be dangerous to the existence of others in society. Violent behaviour is usually acquired through the process of socialization meaning that the media plays a role in transferring this kind of behaviour from character to the other. Research further suggests that not all violence in movies take place in fictional formats meaning that even real life events in current news are usually filled with descriptions of violence. One of the studies conducted by Prabu, Boyne, and German (2009) revealed that violent video content encourages the occurrence of aggression relat ed crimes, but not other forms of crimes, such as property crimes. Subsequent studies proved that when people watch movies that show incidences of suicide, the rates of homicide go up in any given society. It is therefore true that coverage of suicide plays a negative role of encouraging anomy in society.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A number of scholars have also conducted adequate studies to establish the effects of violent video games on the behaviour of individuals. All studies confirm that violent video games contribute significantly to aggressive behaviour among individuals. Some analysts and parents are concerned with the current trend whereby children spend considerable time watching video games, which are mostly violent. A study conducted in the US showed that over 83 percent of all American homes have video games meaning that children can easily access them. A different study conducted in 2004 concluded that at least 52 percent of all children in the US aged between eight and eighteen years spent an average of forty-nine minutes watching video games. The video game industry rates over 94 percent of all games as violent. Regarding the spread of pornography, the media has played a critical role in intoxicating people’s minds with sexual content, particularly the youth. The rising cases of rape, ch ild molestation, sexual abuse, and homosexual behaviour are attributed to the media. Pornographic message suggests to its viewers that human bodies are simply objects that can be used to fulfil sexual needs. The spread of pornography is attributed to a number of reasons, one of them being moral emptiness. However, the immediate cause includes economic reasons whereby individuals would want to make a lot of money out of the sale of sexual material. In fact, pornography is a lucrative business that has attracted so many companies around the world. Some countries term it organized crime because it results to exploitation of women and children. The spread of pornographic content is on the increase because many countries do not have properly constituted laws that can bar criminals from exploiting the media to spread unwanted material. The media’s Role in Changing the Negative Positive Trends Music shows and programs about music celebrities occupy a considerable position in the br oadcasting sector. According to Monnot (2010), the role of female pop singers is crucial in the process of development for girls in the age span of nine to eleven years. Female singers are associated with standards of the contemporary femininity. In contrast to the radio, which provides only sound perception of music, television is filled with physical visions of modern singers. As a result, adolescent girls make much effort to move and look like their idols through wearing similar clothes that are inappropriate for their age. Besides, they start dieting to achieve the same body proportions as female singers who are mostly thin, tanned, long-legged, and longhaired. Thus, video media resources produce a significant impact on the social life and the development of their sexual identity. Such self-perception as objects of physical attractiveness and desire provoke sexual stereotypes and wrong life values. In fact, this leads to the development of unwanted sexual behaviours. The great r ole of forming perception regarding society and its values is attributed to the TV shows, films, and animated movies. For instance, Disney production promotes the concept of thin beauty. The findings of Northup and Liebler (2010) revealed that most of the media content is focused on emphasizing physical beauty as a symbol of success. Preschool children spend approximately 3.5 hours in front of their TVs per day. During this time, they are introduced to a number of TV shows, films, and programs where thinness and physical attractiveness are promoted as main female qualities. In advertising, children are introduced to another portion of information, which leaves them speculating on physical beauty and sexuality. It is necessary to admit that television content is also filled with information that promotes such behavioural traits as drunken driving, smoking, and nutritional habits. This influences the behaviour of boys, particularly regarding aggression. However, the main emphasis is o n physical appearance as a formula for success, recognition, and health. It is obvious that the media influences girls more than it influences boys. Nerveless, it is impossible to eliminate its impact on the violent behaviour of boys. Ryan and Morrison (2009) analyzed a number of publications, which revealed that recent increased interest on masculinity is a result of the expansion of media resources. Contemporary television shows and advertising promote masculine male beauty, which is a traditional approach to the physical appearance of men. The ideal man should have broad shoulders, narrow waist, and muscular arms, legs, stomach, and chest. Men of all ages, nationalities, and sexual orientations desire this ideal masculine physique. Though the muscular beauty of men is associated with thinness, some extra fat is not demonstrated as the major obstacle. Thus, media production introducing a standard male physical attractiveness emphasizes muscle development as a symbol of strength an d health. No much attention is paid to the issue of slenderness hence men and boys are less vulnerable to the obsession with body image than women and girls. However, the need for muscles, as the media suggests, promotes violence and aggression among school going boys. The major illustration of standards of body fitness promoted by the modern media is fashion models. Their perfect body proportions are seen on television, magazines, and advertisements. Thin and long-legged models represent the world of fashion and beauty, which are so intriguing and desired by many girls and women. In the modern media, thin females are used to glamorize different beauty products while average-sized women are employed to promote household products. The research of Prabu, Boyne, and German (76) discovered that weight difference does not provoke any purchase drop among consumers. However, such weight-based distinction of female roles creates proper perception of body image and the role of physical attra ctiveness in the life of women. Regular observations of slim models arouse dissatisfaction, with body proportions possessed by girls and women of average/normal size due to their inability to achieve impossible beauty standards. Apart from the beauty standards presented by the television and adverts, video games produce a significant impact on the behaviour of children. Characters in video games reflect trends existing in society meaning that they contain many violent scenes, which are popular in other media resources. Male characters are mostly illustrated as strong and muscular warriors while female characters are also frequently involved in fight scenes. At the same time, they wear immodest clothes on their fashion model like bodies. Research shows that children playing video games identify themselves with game characters through temporal adoption of their properties. Video games are a kind of entertainment exercised by children in a regular manner. The performance of game charac ters is based on individual social-psychological models of self-concept and self-perception. Therefore, contingent acting out of game behavioural traits, mostly aggression and obsession with physical attractiveness, arouse untimely or exaggerated development of sexual identity and negative manifestations of conduct. In the modern world filled with technological advancements such as computers, game devices, and varied software, it is essential to consider the impact of video games on the behaviour of children. Social Leaning Theory of Albert Bandura Bandura proclaimed that observational learning is an integrated component of learning. Through his studies and observations in this field, Bandura discovered that children imitate behaviours seen in other people. One of Bandura’s experiments concerned a Bobo doll expressing aggressive behaviour. Being asked to play with this doll, children started imitating its aggressive actions and behaviours. On this basis, Bandura determined th ree models of learning through observations, including a live model, a symbolic model, and a verbal instructional model. The first involves an actual person demonstrating some behavioural traits while the second is applied to fictional or real characters acting out behaviours in films, TV shows, or books. The third model entails elucidation and depiction of different actions. Therefore, media resources are the subjects of basic model of observational learning. It is possible to conclude that characters and individuals in the media provoke some behavioural norms, which affect the behaviour of children. Another concept of Bandura’s Social Learning Theory concerns intrinsic reinforcement. Through this concept, Bandura connected learning studies with theories of cognitive development. In the context of media influence on children, one may assert that positive attitude towards media content and personal desire to be and look like beloved media characters touch upon cognitive proce sses of children. Thus, the media influence the perception of children in different life concepts, not only through eyesight, but also through mental states. References Ball-Rokeach, S.J., DeFleur, M.L. (1976). A dependency model of mass-media effects. Communication Research, 3(1), 3–21. Monnot, C. (2010). The Female Pop Singer and the â€Å"Apprentice† Girl. Journal of Children Media, 4.3, 283-297. Northup, T., Liebler, C. (2010). The Good, the Bad, and the Beautiful. Journal of Children Media, 4.3, 265-282. Prabu, D., Boyne, N., German, T. (2009). Thinness Portrayals of Fashion Models. Visual Communication Quarterly, 16.2, 67-78. Ryan, T., Morrison, T. (2009). Factors Perceived to Influence Young Irish Men’s Body Image Investment: A Qualitative Investigation. International Journal of Men’s Health, 8.3, 213-234. This research paper on Media Systems Dependency Theory was written and submitted by user Sean Z. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.